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Legal and Ethical Issues

Hypodermic Needle Theory:
  • Theorises that audiences are essentially passive, and will readily absorb messages relayed to them by the media
  • This means that, after watching a violent horror film, or playing a POV shooter, audience memebers will be negatively influenced 
  • This presupposes that audiences are passive active (they make sense of media message through personal and social contexts)
Moral Panic and Folk Devils:
  • In 1972, Stanley Cohen developed the moral panic theory, this encompassed ideas of folk devils in society.
Moral Panic:
  • When "a condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests".
  • His research was based on the mods and rockers in the 1960s, but have since been applied to the media.
The Stages of Moral Panic:

  1. Someone, something or a group are defined as a threat to social norms or community interests
  2. The threat is then dedicated in a simple and recognisable symbol/form by the media
  3. The portrayal of this symbol rouses public concern 
  4. There is a response from authorities and policy makers
  5. The moral panic over the issue results in social changes within the community
Watershed - 9pm onwards. Post watershed, sex, nudity, and wearing is permitted 

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